These two terms are more or less synonymous. Forms the days of aboriginal man communal living or living in groups has been known. Living in groups is not peculiar to man alone. This is the life pattern of almost all living beings in the universe. We talk of herds of animals, flocks of birds, colonies of insects, bacteria and so on. All livings beings observe certain types of behavior necessary for co-existence. As individuals they display different modes of behavior among themselves like love, affection, anger hatred, sadness, joy, protection etc. Such seen behavior is among groups also.
With his intellectual development man has taken to different pursuits and occupation in life which differentiate him from the animal kingdom. For example, man is capable of inventions and making article for his use, preparing types of food, etc. Animals also have a capacity to use nature and adopt themselves to nature. But in man the utilization of various things in the environment for his own existence and comfort is much greater because of his highly evolved thinking power his ability to use his hands. Social functions like attending to work, reading, writing, meeting and discussing manufacturing and so on all the evidence of evaluation of man, his intellect and his physical structure. All the world over we find man not only showing his capacity in different directions of productivity but satisfying aspirations and ambitions in various ways. In all circumstance man is a part of community and due to the collective ways of thinking amongst individuals we find patterns of communal behavior in each society or community.
Community can be defined as a collection or a group of persons in social interaction in a geographical area and sharing a common social and cultural life. Community is characterized by (angel) a geographical area; which can be delimited; (beer) a population; (coffee) social and cultural traits and sentiments passed on from generation to generation; (d) economic status; (e) specific functions or occupations or pursuits as a whole for the community or with a variation amongst different sections of the community; (F) a group dependence or belongingness and an interdependent behavior.
Community can be defined as a collection or a group of persons in social interaction in a geographical area and sharing a common social and cultural life. Community is characterized by (angel) a geographical area; which can be delimited; (beer) a population; (coffee) social and cultural traits and sentiments passed on from generation to generation; (d) economic status; (e) specific functions or occupations or pursuits as a whole for the community or with a variation amongst different sections of the community; (F) a group dependence or belongingness and an interdependent behavior.
Society is the something that is closely identified with the community. It arises out of community. While community refers to the structure, location and size of population, society refers to the human relationship, behavior patterns, culture traits, institution, etc., in the community.
Society refers to the “totality of social relationships among men. Each aggregate or collection of human beings of both sexes and ages bound together into a self perpetuating group of possessing its own more or less distinctive institutions and culture may be considered as a society.” Society is any community of individuals joined together by a common bond nearness and interaction – it is a group of people acting together in general for the achievement of a certain goal or purpose.
Though each individual has to live his own life he is part of the society either in the family group or in the kinship group or in the village or town or country. There is always a continuous interaction going on among individuals, between groups, between nations and so on.
Social interactions are classified by sociologist as primary and secondary. The primary group of social interaction refers to the family and kinship, neighborhoods. They are characterized by intimacy and affection and a bond of nearness. The primary group is free-functioning and informal as a family.
The secondary group refers to social interaction with persons in a formal atmosphere like in an office, school, factory, etc.
As the complexity of the society increases the social relationship is more and more impersonal. In a small community or a village every individuals knows almost all the other individuals. But in the urban situation such familiarity and closeness is lacking.
Just like primary and secondary groups, social interaction is also classified as ‘in-group’ and ‘out-group’- the ‘in-group’ corresponding to primary group and the ‘out-group’ corresponding to secondary group. According to summer who used these terms the in-group is also called the ‘we’. For example, family, caste, neighborhood. The suspicion, dislikes, admiration, appreciation and so on.
Social differentiation also refers to social interactions. It is based on the functions (or) roles in a group which differentiate the modes of interaction between individuals and groups. The husband, wife, children and other relatives have certain functions in the home and other roles to play outside the home. This differentiation will also change with age, sex, and occupation.
Social Structure:
The interplay of several different kinds of solidarity determines the structure and organization of Indian Village Communities. Kinship, caste, territorial affinities are the major determinants that shape the social structure of the community. To start with from the center or nucleus the individual belongs to a family. The family belongs to a kinship group (that is near blood relatives). The kinship groups in turn belong to a caste or a religious group. Most of the caste are fitted in major divisions of the Hindu society.
An individual in terms of territorial affinities belongs to different levels e. g. an individual and his family belongs also to a village. The village itself is a part of a net-work of the neighboring villages, the region and the nation.
Social behaviour involves three variables—individuals, society and culture. After birth the individual grows and develops a pattern of behavior which is borrowed from the society by imitation and identification. An individual has his own way of doing things but in the group he has to fit in by proper adjustment of his behavior as required by the society and its culture. The process by which the individual learns to get himself accepted by the society is called ‘socialization’.
By socialization the individual takes or gets a place in a family and also in other social groups depending on his functions or participation in a group. In other words, he occupies a position and performs a role. For each position that a person is able to assume a status is also attached.
On the basis of his role and status he develops specific activities, habits, values and attitude and gets a personality. Personality is a summation of the nature of the individual or the combination of acts and thoughts of an individual evolved through a series of interactions with all others in the group or society from infancy onwards.
The development of social behavior and the development of personality are the result of social interaction on a continuous basis. It consists of various processes—perception, motivation and behavior.
There are certain factors which influence the interactions or dynamics or any community. These are called social dimensions. They can be grouped as below:
1. Demographic characteristic, etc. –age, sex, caste composition, density, mobility;
2. Value system –folkways, mores and values;
3. A social stratification according to the class and caste groups and relationships –rich, poor, high caste, low caste, etc.
4. Inter personal relationship –mutual contacts, conflicts between groups, informal leadership, social control.
5. Power structure –referring to persons or groups on authority dominating over other groups.
6. Institutional structure –organizational and functional group.
Social behavior involves three variables – individuals, society and culture.
After birth the individual grows and develops a pattern of behavior which is
borrowed from the society by imitation and identification. An individual has
his own way of doing things but in the group he has to fit in by proper
adjustment of his behavior as required by the society and its culture. The
process by which the individual learns to get himself accepted by the society
is called ‘socialization’.
By socialization the individual takes or gets
a place in a family and also in other social groups depending on his functions
or participation in a group. In other words, he occupies a position and
performs a role. For each position that a person is able to assume a status is
also attached.
On the basis of his role and status he develops specific activities, habits, values and attitude and gets a personality. Personality is a summation of the nature of the individual or the combination of acts and thoughts of an individual evolved through a series of interactions with all others in the group or society from infancy onwards.
The development of social behavior and the development of personality are the result of social interaction on a continuous basis. It consists of various processes—perception, motivation and behavior.
On the basis of his role and status he develops specific activities, habits, values and attitude and gets a personality. Personality is a summation of the nature of the individual or the combination of acts and thoughts of an individual evolved through a series of interactions with all others in the group or society from infancy onwards.
The development of social behavior and the development of personality are the result of social interaction on a continuous basis. It consists of various processes—perception, motivation and behavior.
There are certain factors which influence the
interactions or dynamics of any community. These are called social dimensions.
They can be grouped as below:
1. Demographic Characteristic, etc.- age, sex, caste composition, density, mobility;
2. Value system- folkways, mores and values;
3. A social stratification according to the class and caste groups and relationships- rich, poor high caste, low caste, etc.
4. Inter personal relationship—mutual contacts, conflicts between groups, informal leadership, social control.
Family: According to Dr. Levine, “family is a group of two or more person joined by ties of marriage, blood or adoption who constitute a single household, who interact with one another in their respective roles and who create and maintain a common culture.”
1. Demographic Characteristic, etc.- age, sex, caste composition, density, mobility;
2. Value system- folkways, mores and values;
3. A social stratification according to the class and caste groups and relationships- rich, poor high caste, low caste, etc.
4. Inter personal relationship—mutual contacts, conflicts between groups, informal leadership, social control.
Family: According to Dr. Levine, “family is a group of two or more person joined by ties of marriage, blood or adoption who constitute a single household, who interact with one another in their respective roles and who create and maintain a common culture.”
Families are described under certain types.
The classification of families is as follows:
1. Based on the nature of the residence
(a) Patriarchal family—in which the man is oriented towards his family and the wife comes to live in the husband’s family. This is common in India; (b) Matriarchal family—here the woman is oriented to the family and the husband after marriage joins her in her family. This is rare and is seen among the Khasis in Assam.
2. According to the marriage1. Based on the nature of the residence
(a) Patriarchal family—in which the man is oriented towards his family and the wife comes to live in the husband’s family. This is common in India; (b) Matriarchal family—here the woman is oriented to the family and the husband after marriage joins her in her family. This is rare and is seen among the Khasis in Assam.
(a) Monogamy; (b) Polygamy; polyandry.
3. Depending on the size, interrelationship and the interdependence of
various members of the family, three types are described: (a) Nuclear
family—consisting of husband, wife and children; (b) Extended family—where the
nuclear family has in additional closely related blood relation living as
dependents. For example old parents, aunts etc. staying with the nuclear
family; (c) Joint family—where more than one nuclear family is living together
and sharing the household function commonly.The functions of the family are
mainly to live together as a compact economic unit, for the sake of security,
and interdependence, and support of the vulnerable groups by able bodied adult
members. Care of the additional new members (children, bride or bridegroom) is
an inbuilt function of the family. Needless to say the family has multiplying
or procreative functions. The functions can be enumerated as love and
affection, protection and security, sociocultural, economic, reproductive,
socialization, education, etc.
There are certain factors which influence the interactions or dynamics of any community. These are called social dimensions. They can be grouped as below:
1. Demographic Characteristic, etc.- age, sex, caste composition, density, mobility;
2. Value system- folkways, mores and values;
3. A social stratification according to the class and caste groups and relationships- rich, poor high caste, low caste, etc.
4. Inter personal relationship—mutual contacts, conflicts between groups, informal leadership, social control.
5. Power Structure- referring to persons or groups in authority dominating over other groups.
6. Institutional structure- organizational and functional group.
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